The number of immunotherapies in clinical trial rolls over 5000 now, and immunology has become a common approach in some cancers. Cell technologies, as a growing sub-field in the immunotherapy landscape, have progressed considerably and now represent a $26 billion financial opportunity by 2030, according to a report by Roots Analysis.
Evolutionarily, the immune system has adapted to distinguish between foreign or tumor antigens and the body's own cells. To prevent autoimmune reaction, T-lymphocytes carry on special PD-1 (programmed cell death-1) receptor, that verify foes before attacking them. Insidious cancer cells often express a ligand to this receptor - PD-L1, triggering intracellular mechanisms that block T-cells response. Inhibitors for this PD-1/PD-L1 and other (Opdivo, Keytruda, Yervoy) are being routinely used.
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